About PLRB
Services: As Much as You Want, All For One Price
Policy
Forms and Endorsement Review
PLRB
Claims Conference & Insurance Services Expo
Regional Adjusters, Large Loss, and "Hot Topic"
Conferences
PLRB Service Provider Directory
The Property Loss
Research Bureau, PLRB, provides services with respect to the following lines of
insurance business typically identified on an insurer's annual statement:
Under its alter ego
of Liability Insurance Research Bureau (LIRB), PLRB services the following
lines of insurance business typically identified on an insurer's annual
statement:
In order to receive
services dealing with these lines, membership in LIRB is also required.
Although the focus of
all of our services is the claims handling needs of member insurers, many of
our services and programs are highly relevant to insurers training, legal, and
underwriting departments, as well as to a whole spectrum of claims service
providers.
Any insurance company
or underwriting organization licensed to do property or casualty business in
the United States can become
a subscriber member of PLRB. Annual
dues are based on the amount of the company's direct written premiums in the
lines of insurance serviced by PLRB and LIRB.
Any business which
provides claims services directly to PLRB/LIRB member insurers is eligible to become a PLRB
affiliate member under the terms of the PLRB affiliate member program. Annual dues are based on the business'
number of employees and percentage of operations related to insurance claims.
The Products and Services
Committee and the Property
and Liability Advisory Board meet annually to review our performance and
suggest new projects. We then estimate
costs for implementation of their recommendations and prepare a budget. This budget is presented for approval to the
Board of Directors, which consists of member company CEOs and other top
executives.
After setting a
budget for the forthcoming year, the Board of Directors establishes a Dues
Schedule, which allocates our operating costs among the members based upon
their direct written premiums in lines serviced by PLRB and LIRB. PLRB maintains a reserve to avoid special
assessments and provide financial stability.
This reserve is conservatively invested unless needed.
In the true sense of
a trade association, our purpose is to offer our members those products and
services that we can provide more efficiently or economically than they can
generate for themselves. More
specifically, as stated in its Bylaws, the purposes and objectives of the
Property Loss Research Bureau are:
·
To concern itself with,
and encourage productivity and efficiency in, the property and liability loss
and claim adjustment processes of
members and the industry as a whole;
·
To disseminate
information on property and liability issues among members and within the
insurance industry; and
Services: As Much as You Want, All For One Price
All of PLRB's services
and programs are available to insurer members on an unlimited basis in exchange
for payment of the annual member dues assessment. Any staff member of an insurer member can take full advantage of
all our services. Member insurers can
print out and photocopy as many copies of any of our information as they
like. There is no fine print; there are
no hidden charges, no "ups or extras." To protect the value of
membership and to help control our liability exposure, we do ask that members
limit distribution of our materials and services to their employee staff and
their retained defense counsel.
Insurer members can
accurately budget for their use of PLRB services and completely control the
extent of their usage of our services over any given period of time. PLRB provides up-to-the-minute on-line
service usage reports to each member on demand through our Member
Administration system.
PLRB Affiliate Member
employees are entitled to unlimited Web access to those Web services included
within the PLRB Affiliate Member Program. Affiliate Members also receive
discounted pricing for attending, exhibiting at, and sponsoring PLRB
educational meetings and conferences.
PLRB's www.plrb.org home page is the gateway to the
most comprehensive source of proprietary property and liability claims
information on the planet.
All these and more are
easily accessible from PLRB's home page with just a few mouse clicks, without
ever leaving the PLRB Web umbrella.
The
main frame of our home page also provides constant updates in the areas of
developing property and liability insurance case law, tests of your property
coverage and claims handling knowledge, developing weather and catastrophic
events, coming meetings and seminars, and breaking news stories involving
"hot topics" such as recent major storms. Insurer members and Affiliate Members receive weekly Front
Lines e-mail updates informing them of newly available materials with
active links from those e-mails to our home page; this e-newsletter currently
reaches more than 30,000 readers each week.
PLRB Search is a vast repository of property insurance legal and claims handling
information, constantly being updated, revised, and added to. Printed out, the
contents would fill more than 30 lineal feet of shelf space. The subject and text fields of more than
33,000 documents are searchable by word or phrase, by state, and the search
engine we use also supports sophisticated Boolean searches, as well as ordinary
table of contents browsing. Coming in 2008 we will offer the Google search
engine as an alternative; users will be able to employ our current search
engine, Google, or both to retrieve information. Among the contents available to insurer members:
Frequently Asked
Questions
Detailed analysis of coverage questions most
frequently asked of PLRB staff. This list
of topics is regularly updated to address current trends in issues of greatest
current concern to our members.
Policy
Annotations
Homeowners
AnnotationsSection I Analytical,
key-numbered discussions of the property-related provisions of the ISO Homeowners
forms including related key endorsements dealing with special computer
coverage, earthquake, inflation guard, mold, other structures increased limits,
personal property replacement cost, scheduled personal property, open perils
coverage for personal property, water backup and sump overflow, and
windstorm/hail deductible. AAIS form
references are also included.
Homeowners Forms Section II Liability
Coverages Analytical, key-numbered discussions of each liability
insurance-related provision of the ISO Homeowners forms. (Also in LIRB Search)
Businessowners
Property Annotations Analytical
key-numbered, provision-by-provision discussion of the ISO Businessowners
Special Property Coverage Form BP 00 03 (including prior BP 00 02 versions) and
Businessowners Common Policy Conditions forms.
Commercial Property
Forms Annotations Analytical, key-numbered discussions of
each provision of common ISO Commercial Property forms and endorsements.
Business Income
Coverage Annotations Analytical, key-numbered
discussions of the ISO CP 00 30 Business Income Coverage Form (and Extra
Expense) and related endorsements.
Question & Answer Reference Services
Property Question
& Answer Reference Service More than 180
detailed discussions of frequently posed property insurance coverage questions.
Test Your Coverage
Knowledge/Test Your Claims Knowledge - Popular
alternating weekly features of our Web site pose coverage or technical claims
knowledge scenarios and then give staff analysis of the questions raised by
those scenarios. Past entries are all
cataloged in our database for information retrieval, self-study, or internal
training purposes.
Claims Magazine
Articles Dozens of property coverage issues in
Q&A format originally published in Claims
Magazine.
State-by-State Topics
Many coverage
issues addressed in ten or more states by statute or case law are discussed in
state-by-state format with links to each state's discussion from maps and/or
50-state grids. The topics span
statutory/regulatory issues, the definition of insured persons, exclusions and
perils, causation, conditions, and valuation, including:
Adjuster Licensing
Statutes Detailed state-by-state summary of
licensing requirements for adjusters with links to full statutory and regulatory
text. (Also in LIRB Search)
Condominium Statutes State-by-state full text of condominium statutes. Also in LIRB Search)
Fraud Annotations State-by-state discussion of cases, statutory, and regulatory law
relevant to the concealment or fraud provisions of property forms. Also
included is a state-by-state compendium of SIU creation, fraud warning, fraud
plan, fraud investigation division of insurance department, and fraud reporting
immunity statutes. (Also in LIRB Search)
Proof of Loss - State-by-state discussion of the effect of policy provisions and
statutes requiring the filing of proof of loss by the insured.
Suit Limitation
Annotations State-by-state interpretation of the suit
limitation provision and state statutes governing the time within which an
insured may sue on a property policy.
Tax and Demolition
Lien Laws - State-by-state discussion of the insurer's
duties under statutes authorizing governmental liens against property insurance
proceeds, together with links to full statutory text.
Storage Tank Statutes State-by-state full text of state statutes dealing with clean up of
spills from storage tanks. (Also in
LIRB Search)
Unfair Claims
Settlement Practices Acts and Regulations
links to state-by-state full text of statutes and regulations for all
states. (Also in LIRB Search)
Valued Policy Laws
Annotations State-by-state discussion of the various
valued policy laws and applicable case law, plus a distance learning module
about valued policy laws.
Residency Compendium State-by-state discussion of insured status as affected by status as
a child or college student, or by military service, divorce, domicile, or dual
residency. (Also in LIRB Search)
Common Law Marriage State-by-state discussion of the effect of this doctrine on status of
a person as an insured. (Also in LIRB Search)
Exclusions &
Perils State-by-state discussion of the
interpretation of perils and exclusions for collapse, earth movement,
intentional loss, ordinance or law, settling and wear and tear, and water
damage.
Innocent Coinsured
Recovery - State-by-state discussion of whether
innocent insureds can recover under property insurance in the event of fraud,
misrepresentation, arson, or other intentional acts by another insured in light
of the misrepresentation or fraud clause and the intentional loss exclusion.
Causation Annotations State-by-state discussion of the causation rules applied by courts in
determining whether a loss is covered under a property insurance policy,
including the doctrine or concurrent causation, the effect of the common
anti-concurrent causation preface, ensuing/resulting loss provisions, and the
meaning of proximate cause.
Appraisal State-by-state discussion of the scope of property insurance
appraisal, initiation of the process, the qualifications of appraisers and
umpires, the workings of the appraisal process, what should be on the appraisal
award, and the legal effect of the appraisal award.
Actual Cash Value - Detailed discussion of the definition of ACV applied by the courts of
each state to various types of commercial and residential personal property as
well as real estate, as well as whether depreciation can be applied to partial
losses.
Matching State-by-state discussion of statutory, regulatory, case law, and
practical issues bearing on the issue of matching replaced or repaired property
to undamaged property after a loss.
General Reference
Catastrophe Bulletins Examine coverage, regulatory, and statutory issues frequently arising
in particular disaster scenarios, allowing easy retrieval of these materials
when future similar catastrophes occur, or when information contained in these
bulletins might be helpful in researching similar coverage issues arising in non-catastrophe
situations. The bulletins deal with
coverage issues arising in events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, toxic
spills, nuclear accidents, terrorist attacks, and riots. The "Hurricane Information" link
on our home page collects case law, regulations, and statutory changes arising
out of recent hurricane events.
Underwriters Legal Reference Manual
Contains information about coverages of particular interest to underwriters,
including cancellation and nonrenewal, principles of insurance contract
interpretation, replacement and guaranteed replacement cost coverage,
concealment and misrepresentation in the application, and pollution.
Guiding Principles and Other Insurance Detailed
discussion of the historical Guiding Principles for first-property insurance
apportionment, as well as the ruled for apportioning insurance coverages
developed by various courts.
Glossary of Legal Terms Alphabetical
simplified lexicon of legal terms used in PLRB publications and by courts and
legislatures.
Winter Loss Coverages Detailed
discussions of frequently asked winter-related coverage questions.
Pollution and Contamination Annotations A detailed analysis of potential pollution and contamination
claims under property insurance policies, plus a discussion of the application
of the suit limitation and policy period defenses to a continuous or
progressive pollution or contamination loss, a discussion of asbestos removal
and abatement issues under property policies, and a state-by-state discussion
of the application of the building ordinance or law exclusion.
Mold, Mildew, Fungus, and Fungi Technical discussion of mold science. (Also in LIRB Search)
Reservation of Rights Letters and Nonwaiver
Agreements Detailed discussion of
the use and effect of these common claims investigation document. (Also in LIRB Search)
Case Law Reviews
Property Insurance
Law Review Analyses of relevant nationwide property
insurance case law, continuously published since 1977, over 8,500 pages in
all. Originally these were published
monthly; in recent years they have been published at least weekly on our home
page as Property Legal Updates. Links
to free versions of the full court opinion text are included where available.
Homeowners
Liability Insurance Law Review
Analyses of relevant Homeowners Section II law from across the country,
continuously published since 1988, more than 3,000 pages in all. Originally these were published monthly; in
recent years they have been published at least weekly on our home page as
Liability Legal Updates. Links to free versions of the full court opinion text are included where
available. (Also in LIRB Search)
Coverage
Questions
Over 15,000 individual coverage questions submitted
over the past 30 years by the claims and underwriting staffs of PLRB's member
insurers are analyzed by PLRB staff attorneys.
The questions deal with personal and commercial lines property, inland
marine, and Homeowners Section II Liability coverages. The questions state the facts dealt with,
applicable policy language, the staff analysis, and the detailed reasoning
supporting that analysis. In hard copy,
these materials would occupy about ten lineal feet of shelf space.
Training and Education
Adjusters
Encyclopedia Detailed discussions of a number of
technical subjects related to loss
adjustment including alarm system functions and evaluation; concrete;
contractor/subcontractor estimates and relationships; computer hardware and
electronic equipment losses; drain sewer and septic systems; earthquake;
estimating; exterior walls; fine art; hardwood flooring; fraud; NIDR Fire and
Smoke Damage Repair; roofs; safety; scoping an estimating; stonework;
subrogation; swimming pools; water damage restoration; and window glass.
Adjuster Safety:
Hazardous Materials Provides basic information for adjusters to
achieve personal protection in a hazardous environment.
Adjuster's Guide to
Builders Risk Losses Provides and
explanation of the builder's risk policy, soft costs endorsements, and
coverage, including what the company person needs to know about construction
contracts and terminology; explains the builder's risk loss adjustment process
in a step-by-step manner.
Carpet Primer - A
Guide for Adjusters Discusses various features and
terminology that can assist adjusters in identifying the quality of carpeting.
Catastrophe Claims
Management Manual This manual can assist in comprehensive planning
for catastrophe claims response. It
suggests what preparations should be made by the home office, the regional
office, and adjusters. It provides
useful action checklists for both planning and response. It also deals with post-catastrophe communications
with insureds, the media, and others.
Catastrophe Duty
Sensitivity Training Focuses both on
adjuster skills for dealing with insureds who have claims arising from natural
catastrophes and the problems of adjuster stress and supervisory response to
adjuster stress
Cause/Origin Research
& Evaluation (C/ORE) Kit Step-by-step procedures for adjusters to follow in separating
those fire losses that warrant prompt adjustment from those that call for
additional investigation. The procedures include testing early assumptions of
cause, identification of potential motives for incendiarism, documenting
physical facts and statements, and recognizing subrogation opportunities.
Adjusting Commercial
and Industrial Equipment
Losses This manual
explains how to apply a systematic and intelligent approach to handling these
types of highly specialized and technical claims.
Adjusting Commercial
Inventory and Income Losses Describes basic accounting terms and principles and the
processes and documentation required for the accurate resolution of commercial
in-sight and out-of-sight inventory losses and income losses.
Depreciation and
Actual Cash Valuation of Personal Property
This publication helps determine the appropriate actual cash value of non-real
estate property, based not on depreciation tables, but on the logic of
valuation itself.
Guidebook to
Electronic Losses Assists in the evaluation of
"high-tech" losses and provides background information on electronic
equipment. It covers: methods of evaluating
a loss; identification of typical elements that contaminate electronics;
methods to save and return equipment to a usable state; valuation of electronic
equipment; coverage of service contracts; and a glossary of electronic terms.
Adjusting Hail Damage
to Residential Roofing Covers how red
cedar shakes and shingles can recover from hail impacts without the need to be
replaced; granule loss to composition roofing products and how to avoid
unwarranted repairs; identification and analysis of non-hail-caused roofing
problems; and measuring and estimating techniques.
Hazardous Materials
Guide Guide to sites that may contain hazardous
materials and how to deal with possible exposure to hazardous materials.
Just the Facts: Effective
Claims Interviewing Focuses on the
various stages of the interview and gives numerous examples of questioning
techniques.
Lightning and
Electrical Losses: An Adjuster's Guide Complicated processes and terminology are explained in
everyday terms. There are checklists
and product-specific information designed to assist the adjuster in detecting
legitimate lightning and power surge losses. It is also a powerful tool for
inside adjusters, offering information on a variety of appliances and fixtures.
Motor Truck Cargo
Loss - An Adjusters Handbook Contains step-by-step instructions for adjusters who are
only occasionally confronted with motor truck cargo claims. It is a field guide
to help the adjuster meet the technical and legal requirements under shippers'
and carriers' coverages.
On the Road to Basic
Adjusting Eight peril-driven modules on winter
losses, water damage, theft, windstorm, hail, vandalism and malicious mischief,
fire, and lightning. Guides for students, supervisors, and coaches are also
included.
In-House Educational
Series A monthly series, continuous from 1983 to
2000, on coverage, technical, and loss adjustment topics. The series can be used for reference,
individual study, or group study. Each issue contains questions and answers to
test mastery of the material presented.
Property Loss
Mitigation Procedures and Techniques Presents numerous methods to reclaim damaged items and
minimize ensuing loss. Looks at
stabilization and neutralization measures, identifying sources of damage, the
transition stage of recovery, and repair techniques.
Solving Matching
Problems and Estimating Unique and Quality Construction Suggests successful procedures for locating hard-to-find materials
and establishing a price for materials not listed in unit price databases.
Business Interruption
Model Coming
in 2008 - This Model, built around a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, is
designed to help the user calculate a business interruption loss for a small to
midsize businesses (e.g. retail, restaurant) where the loss results from a
short period of interruption (indemnity period less than 30 days). While the Model is not intended to calculate
business interruption losses for manufacturing or service businesses, the small
to midsize businesses to which the Model does apply account for the vast bulk
of business interruption claims handled by property adjusters.
Claims Conference and
Other Educational Meeting Handouts
Detailed group study and reference materials generated by industry
experts retained by PLRB/LIRB to conduct the workshops and seminars at our
annual Claims Conferences and other educational meetings such as mold,
terrorism, large losses, regional adjusters conferences, construction defects,
and PLRB/FDCC meetings. The topics deal
with a vast array of both legal and
technical aspects of property and liability coverages and are grouped under the
general headings of: adjusting
property, business interruption, casualty; catastrophes; fraud; fungus; general
interest (e.g., soft skills, communication, business writing); large loss;
management; property coverage; special investigations (fraud); subrogation; and
technology. (Also in LIRB Search)
A vast repository
of liability insurance legal and claims handling information, constantly being
updated, revised, and added to. The
subject and text fields of thousands of
documents are searchable by word or phrase, or by state, and the search
engine also supports sophisticated Boolean searches, as well as ordinary table
of contents browsing. In addition to
the parts of the PLRB Search database noted above as also being part of
the LIRB Search database, the contents include:
Frequently Asked Questions
Detailed analysis of coverage questions most frequently
asked of LIRB staff.
Policy Annotations
Our Policy Annotations form the backbone of our reference services. Each
volume contains an exhaustive analysis of the interpretation and application of
policy provisions.
Annotations to the
Readable Homeowners Forms Section II Liability Coverages - A line-by-line analysis and interpretation of the Homeowners Section
II liability coverages. Decisions
construing ISO and non-ISO language are discussed and compared.
Personal Auto Policy
Annotations - A 900-page comprehensive analysis of the
personal auto policy containing separate sections on liability, med pay, UM,
and physical damage coverages, as well as a discussion of the policy's general
provisions. Like the Homeowners
Annotations, this volume begins with the ISO language but also discusses
judicial interpretation of coverages under a broad spectrum of manuscript auto
policy forms. The impact of relevant
statutes on auto policy coverages is also examined.
Commercial General
Liability Insurance Policy Annotations - This line-by-line
analysis includes discussion of the "care, custody or control"
exclusion, "occurrence," advertising injury, and the pollution
exclusion. It addresses how courts have
interpreted the ISO 1973, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2001, and 2004 CGL forms.
Garage Policy
Annotations - This volume addresses common coverage
issues that arise under Garage Liability/Garagekeepers coverages. Analysis encompasses all sections of auto
and non-auto liability, workmanship, primary/excess issues, auto bailment, and
physical damage coverage areas, as well as a discussion of the policy's general
provisions. Like the other LIRB
annotations, this volume begins with the ISO language and goes on to discuss
judicial interpretation of coverages under a broad spectrum of policy forms.
Underinsured Motorists Endorsements Annotations - This is a line-by-line analysis of the ISO Underinsured Motorists
Endorsement form. Topics include:
"insured" defined; "legally entitled to recover";
"underinsured motor vehicle" defined; and stacking. As with our other annotations, this volume
begins with the ISO language but also includes judicial interpretation of
coverages under other policy forms. The
impact of relevant statutes on UIM coverages is also examined.
Annotations To Commercial Liability Pollution Endorsement Forms - This publication analyzes new, selected ISO Commercial General
Liability endorsements. We've begun
with an analysis of pollution endorsements dealing with named peril loss,
short-term pollution events, and designated pollutant coverage.
Liability Question & Answer Reference Services
Auto, Commercial, and HO liability Q&As - These publications contain frequently asked questions from our
members, representing industry-wide problems or concerns. Often, these questions involve issues not
specifically addressed in existing statutory or case law. These publications focus on interpreting and
applying principles of coverage analysis to new or unusual issues.
Claims Magazine Articles - Coverage Analysis columns written on liability
insurance issues by LIRB staff for Claims
magazine take a Q&A format.
Coverage Question of
the Week This popular weekly feature of our Web site
poses coverage scenarios and then give staff analysis of the questions raised
by those scenarios. Past entries are
all cataloged in our database for information retrieval, self-study, or
internal training purposes.
State-by-State Materials
Automobile Diminished Value Coverage -
This volume contains summaries of auto physical damage case law from all 50
states that deal with the measure of recovery for a damaged vehicle. Selected cases address how courts have
interpreted ACV, cost of repair, diminution of value, fair market value, and
other related topics.
Material Misrepresentations in Auto Policies state-by-state discussion of the effect of the insured's
misrepresentation on auto liability coverage, including agent error, burden of
proof, statutory basis for rescission, whether upon misrepresentation the
policy is void ab initio or merely cancelled upon renewal, and the effect of
third party injury or damage on the insurer's remedies.
Named Driver Exclusion State-by-state
discussion of the validity and effect of a named driver exclusion in an auto
policy.
Rental Car Coverage - This publication addresseson a state-by-state basisliability
coverage issues which often need to be resolved where a rental vehicle is
involved in an accident. Subjects covered in this volume include statutes and
case law relating to priority of coverage, the question of whether a rental car
company's self-insurance qualifies as "other insurance," coverage for
unauthorized/unlisted drivers, and coverage for physical damage to rental
vehicles.
UM/UIM Compendium state-by-state
look at various aspects of uninsured and underinsured motorists coverage,
including: statutory authority; minimum
limits; whether UM/UIM coverage is mandatory or discretionary; whether written
rejection of UM/UIM coverage is required; whether liability limits must match
UM/UIM coverages; whether there are offsets for payments from third parties
(i.e. liability insurers); whether the offsets apply to the UM/UIM limits or to
the total damages; whether there are offsets for med-pay, workers'
compensation, and/or no-fault insurance; whether stacking is permitted; test
for when a vehicle is "underinsured"; whether UM/UIM property damage
coverage is available; requirements for UM/UIM settlement and subrogation
protection; and any additional unique UM/UIM issues for each state.
Pollution Clean-Up Costs: The Issue of "Damages" Under
Commercial Liability Policies - This is a
state-by-state compendium of case law analyzing the issue of pollution cleanup
costs as "damages" under commercial liability policies.
Digests of State Insurance Laws Links to
state-by-state digests of insurance-related laws in Best's Digest, published by
A. M. Best.
General Reference
Techno-Torts in
Commercial Liability Policies - An analysis of
emerging commercial liability coverage exposures arising under Personal Injury
and Advertising Injury coverages.
Topics of discussion include trademark infringement, electronic
advertising exposures, and other developing issues connected with cyberspace.
Negotiation
Techniques Discussion of best practices and techniques
which can be helpful to casualty adjusters during claims settlement
negotiations.
Science of Settlement - A guide to calculating the reasonable settlement value of virtually
any claim or lawsuit and a corresponding "case management" program
designed to achieve that goal.
Premises Liability
Law - This volume provides claims people with
practical guidelines for evaluating and investigating premises liability
claims. A multi-jurisdictional
methodology helps adjusters consider the duty of care common to most premises
liability claims. Individual tabbed sections address slip-and-fall, dangerous
conditions, and liability for criminal acts.
Each section of this volume also contains quick-reference flow charts to
assist in the decision-making process of analyzing liability.
Mediation Techniques - This publication
reviews techniques and strategies usable in mediating property damage and
personal injury cases. Areas of
analysis include: Pre-mediation investigation, mediation procedures, evidentiary
matters, negotiation approaches, risk/benefit of litigation, high/low
agreements, and other helpful tips for successful mediation.
Adjuster's Guide - This manual presents: (1) considerations for drafting reservation of
rights and nonwaiver letters along with sample letters; (2) flow chart/decision
trees for determining liability in slip and fall cases; (3) state-by-state duty
to defend summaries containing state specific case law, and (4)
"scripted" hypothetical loss scenarios showing persuasive and tactful
dialog for adjusters.
Insurance Coverage
Issues For The Year 2000 Problem - Liability Policy Considerations - Insurers faced Year 2000 computer date clock liability claims
exposures under various liability coverages.
This white paper analyzed the sources of coverage disputes that arose
under the CGL policy, Directors and Officers coverages, and Errors and
Omissions policies. Also included is a
discussion of the ISO Y2K commercial liability endorsements.